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Fixed Income & Bonds

Municipal Bonds

Interest is federal tax-exempt; may also be state/local exempt.

Municipal bond interest is exempt from federal income tax and NIIT. Depending on issuer, it may also be exempt from state and local tax.

Tax Treatment by Type

Bond TypeFederalStateLocalNIIT
In-state muniExemptExemptExemptExempt
Out-of-state muniExemptTaxableTaxableExempt
Private activity muni (AMT)Exempt*VariesVariesExempt

*May be subject to Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

Tax-Equivalent Yield

To compare munis to taxable bonds:

Tax-Equivalent Yield = Muni Yield ÷ (1 − Combined Marginal Rate)

Example: 3.5% muni, 37% federal + 10% state + 3.8% NIIT = 49.2% combined:

3.5% ÷ (1 − 0.492) = 6.89% taxable equivalent

When Munis Make Sense

  • High marginal tax rate (federal + state > ~30%)
  • Taxable accounts (not needed in tax-advantaged accounts)
  • In-state bonds for triple tax-free benefit
  • Long-term buy-and-hold (avoid trading costs)

Sources

See this in the app

Related Terms

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